Lecture 14

Acute poisonings are life-threatening conditions associated with a person's exposure to a toxic substance. When a toxic substance is ingested by mouth, it is called oral poisoning.

The most common oral poisonings are:

-alcohol and its surrogates;
-technical liquids;
-household chemicals;
-medicines;
-mushrooms;
-foodstuffs (food intoxication of microbial origin).

Initial examination of a poisoning scene

After finding the victim, it is necessary to assess the situation and understand what has happened, i.e. determine:

   -Type of incident (what caused the poisoning

   -Existence of danger (threat to life and health)

   -Number of casualties

   -Availability of anyone who can be called upon to help

More often than not, you may encounter the following types of accidents that will result in an injured or ill person in need of first aid and medical attention:

   -Intake of alcohol or its surrogates, narcotic drugs knowingly for the purpose of intoxication;

   -ingestion of technical liquids, household chemicals accidentally;

   -taking medicines accidentally (overdose, mistakenly taking a similar medicine);

   -taking technical liquids, household chemicals, medicines consciously with a suicidal purpose;

   -poisoning by mushrooms, berries, leaf poisonous plants;

   -food poisoning with substandard products.

Do not start first aid if there is a danger to the life and health of the rescuer. The most common risk is the possibility of violent actions by intoxicated persons. There is also a risk of infectious disease through contact with bodily fluids of the victims.

Determine the number of casualties and the availability of people you can enlist to help. These may include

   -Witnesses to the accident
   -Participants in the accident who were not injured
   -Pedestrians

Enlist other people to help you, instruct them to do so

1. Call ambulance, police, rescue workers
2. Eliminate the danger
3. Control the crowd.
4. Shine flashlight
5. Carry the injured
6. Assist you in examining a patient

Immediately after inspecting the scene, call yourself (or have your assistants do so) for ambulance, police, rescue personnel

Examination of the victim allows you to determine what first aid measures should be carried out first. First of all, it is necessary to determine whether the victim is alive. If there are no signs of life to start resuscitation measures.

If the victim is alive but unconscious, it is necessary to ensure the maintenance of patency of the respiratory tract giving him the Sims position. This is of great importance in poisoning, as they are often accompanied by vomiting and in the supine position can cause airway obstruction.

If the victim is alive and conscious:

   -perform gastric lavage;
   -After gastric lavage, give the victim a medicine with sorption properties (sorbent);
   -Monitor the casualty's condition until an ambulance arrives.

Probe-free gastric lavage:

   -Give the victim 1-2 glasses of water to drink;
   -give him a comfortable sitting or lying position, if necessary, support him;
   -press on the root of the tongue (it is better to do it yourself) to induce vomiting;
   -carry out lavage to clean lavage water that has no odor of toxic substance.

After gastric lavage is completed, give the victim a sorbent from the first aid kit. The most universal and available sorbent is activated charcoal (carbolen), available in tablets of 0.25 g. The minimum dose of carbolen in oral exogenous poisoning is 15 g, which is 60 tablets. Activated carbon is used in the form of water suspension - tablets are pre-crushed to a powdery state, and the resulting powder is mixed with water (100-150 ml).

Attention! Probe-free gastric lavage is contraindicated in poisoning with acids and caustic alkalis, as the reverse passage of solutions of these substances through the esophagus can significantly increase the chemical burn of its mucous membrane.